Mysterious ‘crater’ on Antarctica indication of vulnerable ice sheet

The East Antarctic ice sheet appears to be more vulnerable than expected, due to a strong wind that brings warm air and blows away the snow. That is the conclusion reached by a team of climate researchers led by Jan Lenaerts (Utrecht University) and Stef Lhermitte (TU Delft), based on a combination of climate models, satellite observations and on-site measurements. Their conclusions will be published in Nature Climate Change on 12 December. “Tens of meters of rising sea levels are locked away in Antarctica”, says Lenaerts. “And our research has shown that also East Antarctica is vulnerable to climate change.”

Current IPCC projections show large uncertainties in Antarctica’s contribution to sea level rise, because the role of ice shelf processes remains uncertain. Lenaerts explains: “Little climate change is observable in East Antarctica, because the area is so isolated from the rest of the world.” However, to the researchers’ astonishment, the ice shelves in some regions of East Antarctica are melting faster than scientists had previously assumed. These ice shelves appear to be extremely sensitive to climate change.

Hotspots

Through a unique combination of field work, satellite data and a climate model, the researchers were able to explain why some parts of the East Antarctica ice shelves are melting so rapidly. This is because the strong and persistent wind transports warm, dry air to the region, and blows away the snow. This darkens the surface, which subsequently absorbs more of the sun’s heat. The result is a local warmer microclimate with a few literal ‘hotspots’. Because the ice shelf is floating in the ocean, its melting does not immediately contribute to sea level rise. However, the ice shelves around Antarctica are extremely important for ice sheet stability, because they hold back the land ice. If the ice shelves collapse, this land ice ends up in the ocean and consequently sea level will rise.

Mysterious crater

Part of the research conducted by Lenaerts and Lhermitte focused on a mysterious crater that was spotted on the King Baudoin ice shelf. “At the time, the media reported that it was probably a meteorite impact crater”, Lenaerts says. “My response was: in that area? Then it’s definitely not a meteorite; it’s proof of strong melting.”

In January 2016, the researchers visited the crater and discovered that it was a collapsed lake, with a moulin – a hole in the ice– which allowed the water to flow into the ocean. Lhermitte: “That was a huge surprise. Moulins typically are observed on Greenland. And we definitely never see them on an ice shelf.” Moreover, the researchers discovered that there were many meltwater lakes hidden under the surface of the ice, some of which were kilometres across. Underwater video images provide a clear image of the amount of meltwater present in the area.

Vulnerable

Is this a sign of climate change? “The crater isn’t new; we found it on satellite images from 1989. The amount of melt water differs immensely from year to year, but it clearly increases during warm years”, according to Lhermitte. Last year, an influential publication showed that Antarctica’s contribution to rising sea levels depends largely on the stability of these melting ice shelves. Lenaerts: “That study indicated that West Antarctica is extremely sensitive to climate change. But our research now suggests that the much larger East Antarctica ice sheet is also very vulnerable.”

This press release is also available in Flemish and French

Publication: http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate3180.html#access

The study was financed by the Baillet Latour Antarctica Fellowship and is a collaborative effort by Utrecht University, TU Delft, KU Leuven, Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Alfred-Wegener-Institute.

The project was supported by the International Polar Foundation and the field work was carried out of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica Research Station at Utsteinen, East Antarctica.

International Polar Foundation

The International Polar Foundation supports polar scientific research for the advancement of knowledge, the promotion of informed action on climate change, and the development of a sustainable society.

www.polarfoundation.org  / www.antarcticstation.org

Baillet Latour Foundation

The Baillet Latour Foundation was established in 1974, on the initiative of Count Alfred de Baillet Latour. Its aim? To promote, encourage and reward excellence, principally in Belgium, by focusing its work on people.

For over 40 years, the Foundation has sought to support initiatives that are remarkable for their influence, the excellence they inspire or their innovative approach to meeting the challenges faced by tomorrow’s society.

Its support generates concrete spin-offs with specific future benefits in four areas: health, education, culture and sport.

www.fondsbailletlatour.com 

Contact the International Polar Foundation:

Joseph Cheek
Project Manager & Communications
joseph.cheek@polarfoundation.org

or 

Simon Steffen: ssteffen@polarfoundation.org 

The Princess Elisabeth Antarctic research station: What does the Belgian State want?

The Board of Directors of the International Polar Foundation has with great surprise learnt from the Belgian press of the initiative that Elke Sleurs, the Belgian Secretary of State in charge of Federal Science Policy, has taken with the aim of unilaterally modifying the Royal Decree governing the management of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctic research station. The PEA project was, from the outset, meant to be a close cooperation between the public and private sectors with the goal of supporting polar research in a region of Antarctica with historical links to Belgium, and where a new research station was manifestly needed.

The proposal of the Secretary of State seeks to appoint a new Strategic Council for the Belgian Polar Secretariat, and one which is to be made up only of members from the public sector.  This move ousting the private sector partners is in direct opposition to the bilateral accords which underly the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica project from the very beginning. The Secretary of State’s proposition was introduced on the very day on which the Belgian courts ruled against the Belgian State for the second time in this unfortunate affair. The order of the Court of First Instance in Brussels ruled on 10th July that the Belgian State had to appoint  members from the private sector of the Strategic Council within a fortnight, or else give sound reasons for not complying.

The Council of Ministers, it transpires, proceeded to provisionally approve the proposal (to amend the law) despite the fact that no contact was established between the cabinet of Secretary Sleurs and the IPF to try to resolve their differences. This is despite her cabinet writing the following to the IPF on the 6th of March: “Please allow me to congratulate you on a successful 2014-2015 [Antarctic] campaign. The State Secretary of Science Policy would be happy to meet with you in order to better understand the situation [in Antarctica]. She fully understands the challenges one faces in such a [polar] campaign, including the financial challenges. Know that the meeting will also serve to prepare a communication to the general public so that the positive image of the station can help keep the station [project] going.”

For many years, the public-private partnership of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica project has been asphyxiated politically, administratively, and financially by the public sector.

Of what does the Belgian State accuse the International Polar Foundation?

A conflict of interest?

There is manifestly no conflict of interest. The Princess Elisabeth Antarctica research station was constructed at the initiative of the International Polar Foundation, and funded mostly with money from the private sector (16 million Euros). As a public private partnership, this semi-autonomous public service is governed by conventions, which define the financing, management and operation of the Princess Elisabeth station via the Belgian Polar Secretariat. While the former Director of the Belgian Federal Science Policy (BELSPO) first raised his objections to this form of management on the 18th of May 2011, the Minister of Science Policy and the Council of State reassured him, confirming the legality of the Belgian Polar Secretariat decision making bodies: “The particular position that the latter (sic) (the International Polar Foundation) and its president, Mr Alain Hubert, holds in the Belgian Polar Secretariat has come about in a perfectly legal manner.” (Letter of Minister of Science Policy Sabine Laruelle addressed to the president of BELSPO at that time, Phillippe Mettens, dated 15 July 2011).

Financial Manipulations?

All accounting documents related to the operations of the station were sent to the appropriate authorities on time. The unilateral reports of the  Financial Inspector were never forwarded to the IPF.  We can testify to the fact that all expenses related to the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica research station conform to the budgets adopted each year by the Strategic Council of the Belgian Polar Secretariat. The International Polar Foundation has always respected all instructions from the financial inspector regarding public procurement regulations. All of our accounting documents are transparent to Belgian authorities. All invoices are systematically validated and certified by an external auditor.

Using “affiliated companies” for self-enrichment?

The “affiliated companies” are founding partners of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station project, whereas the Belgian State is not. It has been public knowledge from the outset that Alain Hubert, a private citizen, has served as non-remunerated President of the Strategic Council of the Belgian Polar Secretariat (a body in which he had no extraordinary powers, but was simply one of 12 voting Council members) while also serving as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the International Polar Foundation. This particular configuration was never questioned by the Government of the time.

With regard to the teams working at the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station (referred to as “affiliated companies”): they are historical partners from whom the International Polar Foundation has sought expertise in technical and polar-related matters. These partners contributed to the construction of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station (2007-2009), on a voluntary basis. Since the station became operational in 2009, these partner individuals and organisations have contributed to the operation of the station and have been remunerated for their services at fair market value. All contracts with these companies have been established with full transparency, exclusively for the benefit of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station. The “affiliated companies” include Polaris Centre asbl, a not-for-profit organisation within the International Polar Foundation group, tasked with managing HQ operations between Belgium and Antarctica; a specialised carpentry company handling the construction and maintenance of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station; a research and development company, which designs technical equipment for use in extreme conditions as well as specialised shoes for use in professional polar activities.

An external audit conducted by Ernst & Young and ordered by the Secretary of State of the time, as well as successive reports of international Antarctic Treaty inspections made by partner countries confirmed that operational costs of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station were significantly lower than those of other stations in Antarctica of similar size. Moreover, partner countries have often commented on the high quality of the logistical support scientists receive.

Budgetary overruns?

Since the beginning of our collaboration with the Belgian State, whenever a budget is exceeded, the extra is always covered by the International Polar Foundation, with the help of private sponsors. Furthermore, sponsorship from the private sector has been needed to allow the International Polar foundation to ensure pre-financing obligations for seasons carried out at the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station, and to address the shortfall which resulted from the Belgian State’s late payment of money owed, as well as interest on pre-financing each season. With regard to late payments, on 8 May 2015, the Court of First Instance in Brussels issued a ruling condemning the Belgian State to pay outstanding invoices for sums indisputably owed to the International Polar Foundation. The Belgian State owes the International Polar Foundation a cumulated sum of 2,308,142 Euros in unpaid invoices. To date, the Belgian State has not respected this ruling.

The State Secretary’s allusion to a “bankruptcy” of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station?

This strange notion concerning the “bankruptcy” of the station is part of the strategy of persuasion that the Secretary of State has developed. When the Belgian State refuses to honour its debt to the International Polar Foundation, and thus indirectly to the Foundation’s subcontracted service providers, it becomes necessary to have a clear look at the responsibilities of each party.

The only failure related to the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station project comes from the partnership with the Belgian public sector, which has not respected its agreements and obligations as a partner in the station project.

In spite of the non-respect of the conventions signed by the Belgian State, the International Polar Foundation (IPF) would like to express, via this communication, its firm determination to continue its activities in Antarctica, with its only objective being to ensure the continued use of the station as a tool to serve scientific research. As the first zero carbon emission research station in Antarctica, the Princess Elisabeth station is a prototype for sustainable living recognised around the world.

It has come about as an initiative of the International Polar Foundation and its private-sector partners, and it is a flagship project for Belgium on the international stage.

-The Board of Directors of the International Polar Foundation

Polar explorer, civil engineer, President of the Belgian Polar Secretariat, and leader of Belgian expeditions in Antarctica, Alain Hubert received the prestigious award at the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) on 1st June 2015 in London. John Shears, Vice-President of the RGS, presented Mr Hubert with the award during the annual meeting of the RGS in London. Alain Hubert is the first Belgian to be recognised with such an award from the RGS.

The Royal Geographical Society in London awards the prize in recognition of outstanding people who have made significant contributions to geographical research as well as the promotion of geography, science, and discovery.

Captain Robert Scott, Niel Armstrong, David Attenborough, Sylvia Earle, Nicholas Stern and Edward O. Wilson are amongst the most well-known recipients of the RGS Medals and Awards.

More information about the Royal Geographical Society can be found at: http://www.rgs.org

Contact the International Polar Foundation:

Joseph Cheek
Project Manager & Communications
joseph.cheek@polarfoundation.org
or 

Simon Steffen: ssteffen@polarfoundation.org

Over a period of more than four months from November 2007 until March 2008, Alain Hubert and a team of dedicated experts braved sub-zero temperatures, harsh life conditions and the occasional storm to construct the outer shell of the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station, which now stands on top of a granite ridge at Utsteinen in the Dronning Maud Land. The team also constructed the garages and completed mounting the seven remaining wind turbines next to the station.

The completion of this first phase of the construction is a major accomplishment and a dream come true for Alain Hubert and everyone involved in the project. A project that has been in the making for four years and has involved contributions from countless numbers of dedicated people, the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica station is the first polar research station designed to create zero carbon emissions by utilising a highly energy-efficient design and by running entirely on renewable wind and solar energies. The International Polar Foundation, of which Mr. Hubert is Co-founder and President, has conceived, designed and financed the construction of the station with the help of its financial sponsors and technical partners.

The second and final phase of the Princess Elisabeth's construction will take place during next year's BELARE 2008- 09 expedition, which will last from November 2008 until March 2009. During this season, all the functional systems of the station, such as energy management and waste water treatment, will be installed. By March 2009, construction is expected to be completed and all station systems operational.

Even before the station is fully operational, however, two research expeditions will use the Princess Elisabeth station as a base camp. In November and December 2008, Dr. Frank Pattyn, glaciologist from the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), will lead an expedition to study the mass loss/gain of the Antarctic ice sheet in view of recent climate change, while in January and February 2009, microbiologist Dr. Annick Wilmotte from the Université de Liège (ULg) will lead an expedition to explore the diversity of microorganisms living in rock crevasses and on gravel in the area of Utsteinen.

The International Polar Foundation pursues its fund raising activities to finish off next season's building phase of Princess Elisabeth Antarctica. The target for public donations amounts to 3 million euros in 2008, as a commitment from all citizens taking responsibility for their future through a landmark project for science and society. Total donations after the Tour & Taxis public viewing already reached 300,000 euros and IPF expects a sustained momentum. Tax deductible donations can be made to the International Polar Foundation bank account number: 000-0000090-90.

For more information, visit the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica website at www.antarcticstation.org.

IPF Press Contact

Lise Johnson +32 (0) 474 656 883
lise.johnson@polarfoundation.org